Timeline

1712: Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 

1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends The War of the Spanish Succession.

1714: Birth of Joseph Vernet. 

1715: Death of King Louis the Fourteenth in France. Outbreak of the Jacobite rising in Scotland.

1727: Spain besieges Gibraltar.

1729: Charles and John Wesley introduce Methodism in England.

1733: Beginning of the War of the Polish Succession.

1734: Birth of Joseph Wright of Derby. 

1738: Birth of Joseph Wright of Derby. 
Joseph Vernet paints “Italian Landscape”.

1740: Birth of Philip James de Loutherbourg. 
Beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession.

1741: Birth of Henry Fuselli. 

1743: Birth of Anna Laetitia Barbauld.

1744: Birth of Johann Gottfried Herder.
Battle of Toulon.

1745: Bonnie Prince Charlie lands in Britain attempting to overthrow the government.

1746: Bonnie Prince Charlie is finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden on 16th April.
The French capture Madras in September.

1746: Births of Henry Fuseli and Francesco Goya. 

1749: Births of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charlotte Smith.

1752: Birth of John Nash. 

1755: Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes “A Discourse on the Origins of Inequality” 

1757: Births of William Blake and Mary Robinson.
British rule in India begins after the Battle of Plassey. 
British Admiral Byng is executed by firing squad.

1759: Births of Robert Burns and Friedrich von Schiller.
British General James Wolfe dies at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Canada.

1760: George the Third becomes King of Britain.

1762: Births of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Joanna Baillie.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes “The Social Contract” and “Émile; or, On Education”.
Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia.

1763: Births of Samuel Rogers, Jean Paul Friedrich Richter and Caroline Schlegel-Shelling.
Claude-Joseph Vernet paints “The Port of Rochefort”.
The Treaty of Paris brings the Seven Years War to an end.

1764: Births of Jens Immanuel Baggesen and Dorothea Veit-Schlegel.

1765: Joseph Vernet paints “View of Dieppe”.
The Stamp Act is introduced into the American Colonies by Britain. 

1766: Birth of Madame Germaine de Staël.

1767: Births of August Wilhelm von Schlegel and Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Jesuits are suppressed in the Spanish Empire.

1768: Births of Maria Edgeworth, Friedrich Schleiermacher, François-René de Chateaubriand and Joseph Anton Koch.
Joseph Wright of Derby paints “An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump”.
Gurkhas conquer Nepal.
Captain Cook sails onboard his first Pacific voyage.

1769: Births of James Ward and Ernst Moritz Arndt.
Beginning of the Bengal famine. 

1770: Births of Ludwig van Beethoven, William Wordsworth, Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
The Russians win a naval victory over the Turks at Chesme.

1771: Birth of Walter Scott.
Joseph Wright of Derby paints “The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus”.
Richard Arkwright builds the first water powered mill at Cromford in Britain for spinning cotton.
Spain concedes the Falkland Islands to Great Britain.

1772: Births of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) and Friedrich von Schlegel.
Johann Gottfried Herder writes “Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache” (Essay on the Origin of Language).
The beginning of the Partitions of Poland.

1773: Births of Ludwig Tieck, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and Caroline de la Motte Fouqué.
First operations in India by the East India company smuggling opium.
The Boston “Tea Party” takes place in America in December.

1774: Births of Caspar David Friedrich and Robert Southey.
Johann von Goethe publishes “The Sorrows of Young Werther”.

1775: Births of J.M.W.Turner, Friedrich Schelling, Jane Austen and Charles Lamb.
Beginning of the American Revolutionary War.

1776: Births of John Constable, Johann Joseph Görres and E.T.A Hoffman.
Joseph Vernet paints “A Sea-shore”.
Adam Smith publishes “The Wealth of Nations”.
The United States of America becomes a separate country in its own right.

1777: Births of Phillipp Otto Runge, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué and Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist.

1778: Births of Clemens Brentano, William Hazlitt and Ugo Foscolo and Johann Nepomuk Hummel. Death of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Publication of “The Reveries of the Solitary Walker” by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 
The first Battle of Ushant takes place between the British and French navies.

1779: Birth of Adam Oehlenschlager.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe writes “Iphigenia in Tauris”.
Captain James Cook of Britain is killed by natives in Hawaii.

1780: Britain declares war on the Netherlands.

1781: Births of Achim von Arnim and Karl Friedrich Schinkel. 
“The Nightmare” is painted by Henry Fuseli.
Friedrich von Schiller publishes “Die Räuber” (The Robbers).
Anna Laetitia Barbauld publishes “Hymns in Prose for Children”.
The City of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers in North America.
Second Battle of Ushant.

1782: Births of Niccolo Paganini, Daniel Auber and John Field.

1783: Births of Washington Irving, Stendhal and Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig.
Russia annexes the Crimean Khanate. The Montgolfier Brothers invent the hot air balloon.
Peace of Paris in Versailles ends the American Revolutionary War.

1784: Charlotte Smith writes “Elegiac Sonnets”.
Joseph Wright of Derby paints “Dovedale by Moonlight”.

1785: Births of Jacob Grimm, Georg Friedrich Kersting, Thomas Love Peacock, Bettina von Arnim and Allessandro Manzoni.
Friedrich von Schiller writes “Ode to Joy”.
Jens Immanuel Baggesen publishes “Comiske Fortællinger” (Comical Tales).
Beginning of the Northwest Indian War in the United States.

1786: Births of Carl Maria von Weber, Alexander Chavchavadze, Wilhelm Grimm and Marceline Desbordes-Valmore.
Robert Burns writes “Address to a Haggis”.
Death of Frederick the Great of Prussia.

1787: Births of Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov and Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky. 
Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War.

1788: Births of Arthur Schopenhauer, Joseph von Eichendorff, J.C.Dahl, Friedrich Rückert and Lord Byron.
Charlotte Smith writes “Emmeline; or The Orphan of the Castle”.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe writes the play “Egmont”.
Russo-Swedish War.

1789: Births of John Martin and Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky. Death of Joseph Vernet.
William Blake completes “Songs of Innocence“.
“Confessions” by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is published.
Charlotte Smith writes “Ethelinde; or the Recluse of the Lake”.
Beginning of the French Revolution.

1790: Births of Alphonse de Lamartine and Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom. 
The poem “Tam O’ Shanter” is written by Robert Burns.

1791: Births of Theodore Gericault, Kazimierz Brodzinski, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Karl Theodor Körner and Carl Czerny.
Charlotte Smith writes “Celestina”.

1792: Births of Percy Byshhe Shelley andGioachino Rossini.
Mary Robinson  writes “Vancenza; or the Dangers of Credulity”.
Samuel Rogers publishes “The Pleasures of Memory”.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt writes “Ideen zu einem Versuch die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu Bestimmen” (The Spheres and Duties of Government).
Charlotte Smith writes “Desmond”.
Beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Polish-Russian War.

1793: Births of Aleksander Fredro, John Clare and Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
William Blake paints“The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”. 
Charlotte Smith publishes “The Old Manor House”.
Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck go on their famous Pfingstwanderung (Whitsun excursion) in the Fichtel Mountains on the border of Germany and Czechia which begins the Romantic movement in Germany.
Henry Fuseli paints “The Shepherd’s Dream”.
King Louis the Sixteenth and Marie Antionette of France are guillotined by revolutionaries.
France declares war on Britain.

1794: William Blake completes “The Songs of Experience” and “The Ancient of Days“.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes “Grundlage der Gesamten Wissenschaftslehre” (Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge).
Robert Burns writes “A Red, Red Rose”.  
Philip James de Loutherbourg paints “Lord Howe’s Action, or the Glorious First of June”.
Charlotte Smith writes “The Wanderings of Warwick” and “The Banished Man”.
Sea Battle of the “First of June” between the British and French.

1795: Births of John Keats, Charles Barry and Thomas Carlyle.
William Blake edits “Songs of Innocence and of Experience“.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No 1 and Piano Concerto No 2.
“For a’ That and a’ That” is written by Robert Burns.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge writes “The Eolian Harp”.
Maria Edgeworth publishes “Letters for Literary Ladies”.
Charlotte Smith writes “Montalbert”.
Jean Paul Friedrich Richter publishes “Hesperu”.
The Mississippi Territory is ceded to the USA by Spain. 
France invades the Netherlands.

1796: Death of Robert Burns.
Madame Germaine de Staël writes “De l’influence des Passions sur le Bonheur des Individus et des Nations” (A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe writes “Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre” (Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship).  
Charlotte Smith writes “Marchmont”.
J.M.W. Turner paints “Fishermen at Sea”.
William Blake completes“The Dance of Albion”.
Joseph Koch paints “Waterfall in the Bern Highlands”.
The British take over Ceylon from the Dutch.
Napoleon Bonaparte wins his first major battle at Montenotte in The French Revolutionary Wars.

1797: Births of Franz Schubert, Heinrich Heine, Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny, Domenico Donizetti and Mary Shelley. Death of Joseph Wright of Derby.
Robert Southey produces his “Poems”.
Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder publishes “Herzensergießungen eines Kunstliebenden Klosterbruders” (Outpourings of an Art-Loving Monk).
François-René de Chateaubriand publishes “Essai sur les Revolutions”.
Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin writes “The Death of Empedocles” and “Hyperion”.
Ludwig Tieck writes “Der Blonde Eckbert” as part of“Volksmärchen von Peter Lebrecht”.
Napoleon Bonaparte invades Venice and ends the Venetian Republic after one thousand years.
Sea Battle of St Vincent.
Horatio Nelson loses an arm in an attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

1798: Births of Adam Mickiewicz, Eugène Delacroix and Giacomo Leopardi. Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder.
Publication of “Lyrical Ballads” by Wordsworth and Coleridge including “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge writes “Kubla Khan” and “Frost at Midnight”.
Charles Lamb writes “The Old Familiar Faces”.
Novalis publishes “Glauben und Liebe” (Faith and Love).
Ludwig van Beethoven completes his Romance for Violin and Orchestra No. 2.
Mary Robinson writes “A Letter to the Women of England”. 
The journal “Athenaeum” is first published.
Maria Edgeworth publishes “Practical Education”.
Caspar David Friedrich paints “Wreck in the Ice-sea”.
The Irish rebellion fails to overturn British rule.

1799: Births of Karl Bryullov, Adam Heinrich Müller, Almeida Garrett and Alexander Pushkin.
Friedrich von Schlegel publishes “Lucinde“.
Johann Gottfried Herder writes “Metakritik zur Kritik der Reinen Vernunft” (A Metacritique of the Critique of Pure Reason).
The Indian Tipu Sultan is killed in battle by Britain. 
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes First Consul of France following the Coup of Brumaire.

Nineteenth Century

1800: Births of France Prešeren and Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky. Death of Mary Robinson: (née Darby). 
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 1.
Novalis publishes “Hymnen an die Nacht” (Hymns to the Night).
Friedrich von Schiller writes “Wallenstein” and “Mary Stuart“.
William Wordsworth writes “Michael”.
Friedrich Schelling publishes “System des Transzendentalen Idealismus” (System of Transcendental Idealism).
William Hazlitt writes “Pitt and Buonaparte”.
Maria Edgeworth publishes “Castle Rackrent” .

1801: Births of Vincenzo Bellini and Seweryn Goszczyński. Death of Novalis: (Friedrich von Hardenberg). 
First Performance of Beethoven’s “Moonlight” Piano Sonata” (No 14) and he completes Piano Concerto Nos. and 2.
Dorothea von Schlegel publishes her novel “Florentin”.
“Turandot, Princess of China” is written by Friedrich von Schiller.
Britain and Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.
Assassination of Russian Tsar Paul the First.
Battle of Copenhagen.

1802: Births of Wilhelm Hauff, Ion Heliade Radulescu, Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. Death of Philip James de Loutherbourg.
Niccolo Paganini begins composing “24 Caprices for Solo Violin”. 
William Wordsworth composes “Upon Westminster Bridge”.
Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin writes “Andenken” (Remembrance). 
Ugo Foscolo publishes “Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis” (The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis).

1803: Births of Adolphe Adam, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Hector Berlioz, Maurycy Mochnacki, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev and Prosper Merimee. Death of Johann Gottfried Herder.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 2 and Piano Concerto No 3.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel composes his Trumpet Concerto in E major.
Adam Oehlenschlager publishes “Digte” (Poems).
August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes “Ion”.
The USA purchases Louisiana and New Orleans from France.
Napoleon Bonaparte prepares an army to invade Great Britain.

1804: Births of Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Sand, Grigol Orbeliani, Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, Mikhail Glinka and Johann Strauss the First.
Friedrich von Schiller writes “Wilhelm Tell”.
William Blake completes “Jerusalem”.
Alexander Chavchavadze writes “Woe to This World and Its Tenants”.
Dorothea Veit-Schlegel writes “Sammlung Romantischer Dichtungen des Mittelalters” (Collection of Romantic Poems of the Middle Ages).
Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of the French. 

1805: Births of Fanny Mendelssohn, Samuel Palmer and Hans Christian Andersen. Death of Friedrich von Schiller.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 3 “Eroica”, “Fidelio” and “Appasssionata” Piano Sonata”.
Achim von Arnim co-writes “Des Knaben Wunderhorn”.
Joseph Anton Koch paints “Heroic Landscape with Rainbow”.
William Blake completes“Newton”.
William Hazlitt writes “An Essay on the Principles of Human Action”.
Lord Nelson defeats the combined French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21st October.
Napoleon defeats the Russian and Austrian armies at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2nd December.

1806: Births of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Friedrich Burgmüller and Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre. Death of Charlotte Smith.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Violin Concerto.
William Wordsworth composes “Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood”.
William Hazlitt writes “Free Thoughts on Public Affairs”.
Russo-Turkish War.

1807: Births of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Wincenty Pol.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 4.
“Tales from Shakespeare”  is written by Charles Lamb.
William Wordsworth writes “Ode: Intimations of Immortality”.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel writes “Phenomenology of Mind”.
Carl Maria von Weber composes Symphony No.1.
Johann Joseph Görres publishes “Die Deutschen Volksbucher” (The German Chapbooks).
Charlotte Smith writes “Beachy Head and Other Poems”.
Henry Fuseli paints “The Debutante”.
Britain declares the Slave Trade a criminal act.

1808: Births of Gerard de Nerval and José de Espronceda y Delgado. 
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe completes “Faust” (Part One).
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 5, Symphony No 6, Piano Concerto No 4, Choral Fantasy and Triple Concerto. Friedrich von Schlegel publishes  “Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier” (On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians).
Johann Gottlieb Fichte publishes “Reden an die Deutsche Nation” (Addresses to the German Nation).
François-René de Chateaubriand publishes “Rene”.
Carl von Arnim and Clemens Brentano complete “Des Knaben Wunderhorn”.
Heinrich von Kleist writes “Der Zerbrochene Krug” (The Broken Jug).
Phillipp Otto Runge paints “The Morning”.
Beginning of the Peninsula War in Spain.

1809: Births of Felix Mendelssohn, Nikili Gogol, Edgar Alan Poe, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Juliusz Slowacki. Death of Caroline Schlegel-Shelling.
Friedrich Schelling publishes “Of Human Freedom”.
Adam Heinrich Müller publishes “Die Elemente der Staatskunst” (Elements of Statecarft).
Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov writes “Videnie na bregakh Lety” (A Vision on the Shores of the Lethe).
Caspar David Friedrich paints “The Monk by the Sea”.

1810: Births of Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Ferenc Erkel, Alexandre Herculano, Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay and Karel Hyneck Macha. Death of Phillipp Otto Runge.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Piano Bagatelle “Fur Elise”.
Madame Germaine de Staël writes “De l’Allemagne” (Germany)
“The Nude Maja” is painted by Francisco Goya.
Caspar David Friedrich completes “The Abbey in the Oak Wood”.
Karl Theodor Körner publishes his poems “Knospen” (Buds). 
“Der Held des Nordens” (Hero of the North) is published by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.
The Netherlands becomes part of the French Empire.
Sweden declares war on Great Britain.

1811: Births of Franz Liszt, Goncalves de Magalhaes and Theophile Gautier. Death of Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Piano Concerto No 5 “Emperor”.
“The Necessity of Atheism” is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Jane Austen writes “Sense and Sensibility“.
August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes “Poetische Werke”.
Friedrich von Schlegel publishes “Über die Neuere Geschichte” (A Course of Lectures On Modern History). 
Carl Maria von Weber composes Clarinet Concertinos No. 1 and 2.
Caspar David Friedrich paints “Morning on the Riesengebirge”.
Paraguay becomes independent from Spain.

1812: Births of Paul Abadie, Zygmunt Krasinki, Friedrich von Flotow, Francisco de Sales Torres Homem, Augustus Pugin  and Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski. Death of Philip de Loutherbourg.
“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is written by Lord Byron.
Walter Scott writes “The Lady of the Lake”.
The Brother’s Grimm Fairy Tales are first published.
Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom publishes “Blommorna” (The Flowers”).
Ernst Moritz Arndt writes“Vaterlandslied” (“Der Gott, der Eisen Wachsen Liess” (Fatherland Song: The God who let Iron Grow).
Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky writes “A Bard in the Camp of the Russian Warriors”.
Beginning of the War of 1812 between Britain and the USA.
Napoleon begins the Retreat from Moscow.

1813: Births of Petar II Petrovic-Njegos, Giuseppe Verdi, Richard Wagner, Søren Kierkegaard and Eduard Riedel. Death of Karl Theodor Körner.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 7.
Arthur Schopenhauer writes “On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason”.
“Queen Mab” is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Jane Austen writes “Pride and Prejudice“.
Robert Southey writes “The Life of Nelson”.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel paints “Gothic Cathedral by a River”.
Victory for the Duke of Wellington at Vitoria drives the French from Northern Spain.
Napoleon is defeated at The Battle of Leipzig (of the Nations) in October.

1814: Births of Mikhail Lermontov, Girolamo de Rada and Taras Shevchenko. Death of Johann Gottlieb Fichte.
“Third of May 1808” painted by Francisco Goya. 
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 8 and Piano Trio No 7 “Archduke”.
“The Corsair” and “She Walks in Beauty” are written by Lord Byron.
Robert Southey writes “Roderick, The Last of the Goths”.
“Waverley”is written by Walter Scott. 
Jane Austen writes “Mansfield Park”.
John Field publishes his first three piano nocturnes.
Theodore Gericault paints “Wounded Cuirassier Leaving the Field of Battle”.
Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to the island of Elba. 
The British capture Washington in the USA.

1815: E.T.A. Hoffman publishes“Die Elixiere des Teufels” (The Devil’s Elixirs).
Walter Scott publishes “Guy Mannering or the Astrologer”.
J.M.W. Turner paints “Dido Building Carthage”.
James Ward completes the painting “Gordale Scar”.
Jane Austen publishes “Emma”.
Friedrich von Schlegel publishes “Geschichte der Alten und Neueren Literatur” (History of Ancient and Modern literature).
Georg Friedrich Kersting paints “On Sentry Duty at the Outpost”.
Thomas Love Peacock publishes “Headlong Hall”.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel designs a stage set for Mozart’s opera “The Magic Flute”.
Napoleon Bonaparte is finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo on 18th June and is later exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena.
The Congress of Vienna redraws the Map of Europe.

1816: Births of William Sterndale Bennett and Charlotte Bronte.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes “Christabel” and “Kubla Khan”.
Lord Byron and the Shelleys hold a competition with friends to write a horror story on the banks of Lake Geneva where “Frankenstein” is first proposed.
Jane Austen writes “Emma”.
Franz Schubert composes “Rondo in A major for violin and string orchestra”.
First performance of “Il Barbiere di Siviglia” (The Barber of Seville) by Gioachino Rossini.
Niccolò Paganini composes Violin Concerto No.1.
Robert Southey writes “A Poet’s Pilgrimage to Waterloo”.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann writes “Nussknacker und Mausekönig” (Nutcracker and Mouse King).
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel completes final version of “Science of Logic”.
William Hazlitt writes “On Beauty” and “On Good Nature”.
Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig writes“Bibelske Prædikener” (Biblical Sermons).
Argentina becomes independent. 

1817: Births of Henry David Thoreau, Ivan Aivazovsky, Jose Zorrilla y Moral and Nikoloz Baratashvilli. Deaths of Jane Austen and Madame Germaine de Staël.
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel writes “Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences”.
“Rob Roy” is written by Walter Scott.
Lord Byron completes “Manfred”.
Robert Southey writes “Wat Tyler: A Dramatic Poem”.
Clemens Brentano writes “Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl” (The Story of Brave Casper and Fair Annie).
“Persuasion” and “Northanger Abbey” by Jane Austen are published.
Walter Scott publishes “Rob Roy”.
Theodore Gericault paints “Riderless Racers in Rome”.
J.C. Dahl paints “Frederiksborg Castle”.
Thomas Love Peacock publishes “Melincourt”.
E. T. A. Hoffmann writes “Der Sandmann” (The Sandman).  

1818: Births of Charles Gounod, Emily Bronte, Josiah Gilbert Holland and Petar Preradovic.
“Wanderer above the Sea of Fog” is painted by Caspar David Friedrich.
Ludwig van Beethoven composes Piano Sonata No 29, “Hammerklavier”.
The poem “Ozymandias” is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
“Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus” is published by Mary Shelley.
The poem “Endymion” is written by John Keats.
“Biographia Literaria” is written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Lord Byron completes “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”.
Jane Austen writes “Persuasion”.
Friedrich von Schlegel writes “Lectures on the History of Literature”.
Niccolo Paganini composes his Violin Concerto No.1.
Arthur Schopenhauer publishes a raw first version of “The World as Will and Representation”.
Caspar David Friedrich paints “Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog”.
Thomas Love Peacock publishes “Nightmare Abbey”.
Walter Scott publishes “The Heart of Mid-Lothian”.
August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes “Observations sur la Langue et la Littératures Provençale”.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel completes “Neue Wache” in Berlin.
Chile becomes independent. 

1819: Births of Jacques Offenbach, Clara Schumann and Herman Melville.
“The Raft of the Medusa” is exhibited by Théodore Géricault.
Walter Scott publishes his novel “Ivanhoe”.
John Keats writes “Ode to a Nightingale”, “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “La Belle Dame sans Merci”.
Percy Byshhe Shelley writes “Ode to the West Wind” and the political ballad “The Mask of Anarchy”.
The first parts of “Don Juan” are written by Lord Byron.
“The Waggoner” is written by William Wordsworth.
Franz Schubert writes the “Trout Piano Quintet”
Carl von Arnim writes the play “Die Gleichen“.
Washington Irving writes “Rip van Winkle”.
Walter Scott publishes “Ivanhoe: A Romance”.
The Peterloo Massacre takes place in England. 

1820: Births of Anne Bronte and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo. 
The poem “Eve of St. Agnes” is written by John Keats. 
“Prometheus Unbound” and “To a Skylark” are written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Robert Southey writes “Cataract of Lodore” and “The Life of Wesley”.
William Blake writes “Jerusalem”.
John Keats writes “Lamia”.
Robert Southey writes “The Life of John Wesley”.
Alexander Pushkin completes “Ruslan and Ludmila”.
John Clare publishes “Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery”.
Washington Irving writes “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
Alphonse de Lamartine publishes “Méditations Poétiques”.
Kazimierz Brodzinski publishes “Wiesław”.
Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny publishes “Le Bal”.
Caspar David Friedrich paints “Two Men Contemplating the Moon”.

1821: Births of Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Charles Baudelaire and Gustave Flaubert. Death of John Keats.
“The Hay Wain” is painted by John Constable.
“The Confessions of an English Opium Eater” is written by Thomas de Quincey.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel writes “Philosophy of Right”.
“Table Talk” is written by William Hazlitt.
Percy Bysshe Shelley writes “Adonais”.
Premiere of “Der Freischütz” by Carl Maria von Weber.
Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes “Der Christliche Glaube nach den Grundsätzen der Evangelischen Kirche” (The Christian Faith according to the Principles of the Evangelical Church).
Opera “Der Freischütz” by Carl Maria von Weber is completed.
John Martin paints “Belshazzar’s Feast”.
Theodore Gericault paints “The Derby of Epsom”.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel completes Königliches Schauspielhaus (King’s Concert Hall) in Berlin.
Beginning of the Greek War of Independence.

1822: Births of César Franck and Janko Kráľ. Death of Percy Byshhe Shelley and E.T.A Hoffman.
Franz Schubert composes Symphony No 8 “The Unfinished”.
John Martin paints “The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum”.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann writes “Meister Floh” (Master Flea).
John Nash completes The Royal Pavilion, Brighton.
Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny publishes “Poèmes”.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy composes Violin Concerto No. 1.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel publishes Piano Concerto No.2 and Quintet for piano, violin, cello and Bass.
Brazil becomes independent.

1823: Births of Antônio Gonçalves Dias and Sándor Petőfi.
“Saturn Devouring His Son” is painted by Francisco Goya.
First Performance of Beethoven’s “Diabelli” Piano Variations.
John Constable paints “Salisbury Cathedral”.
Gioachino Rossini premieres “Semiramide”.
Mary Shelley publishes “Valperga: Or the Life and adventures of Castruccio. Prince of Lucca”.
Charles Lamb completes “Essays of Elia”.
Opera “Euryanthe” by Carl Maria von Weber is completed.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel publishes Piano Concerto No.3.
Adam Mickiewicz completes his poetic drama “Dziady”.

1824: Births of Anton Bruckner,Bedřich Smetana and Branko Radičević. Deaths of Lord Byron and Theodore Gericault.
First Performance of Beethoven’s Symphony No 9 and Missa Solemnis.
William Blake illustrates Dante’s “Divine Comedy”.
Lord Byron writes completes “Don Juan”.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy composes Symphony No. 1.
Washington Irving publishes “Tales of a Traveller”.

1825: Births of Charles Garnier, Hans Gude, Johann Strauss the Second and Bernardo Guimarães. Deaths of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Henry Fuselli and Jean Paul Friedrich Richter.
Thomas de Quincey publishes a translation of G.W.H. Häring’s (Willibald Alexis) “Walladmor.”
Alexander Pushkin publishes “Boris Godunov”.
Allessandro Manzoni publishes the first part of “I Promessi Sposi”. (The Betrothed”).
Thomas Carlyle writes “The Life of Friedrich Schiller”.
The Stockton and Darlington in Britain becomes the first railway in the World. Uruguay and Bolivia become independent.

1826: Birth of Frederick Edwin Church. Death of Carl Maria von Weber and Jens Immanuel Baggesen. 
First performance of Beethoven’s “Grosse Fugue” for String Quartet.
“The Last Man” is written by Mary Shelley. 
“The Plain Speaker” is written by William Hazlitt.
Niccolò Paganini composes Violin Concerto Nos.2 and 3.
Franz Schubert completes Symphony No. 9 (“The Great”).
Ludwig Tieck publishes “Dichterleben” (A Poet’s Life).
Gioachino Rossini premieres the opera “Le Siege de Corinthe”.
Wilhelm Hauff writes “Lichtenstein: Romantische Saga aus der Wuerttembergerischen Geschichte” (Lichtenstein: Romantic Saga from the History of Württemberg).
Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny writes “Cinq Mars” and “Poemes”.
Joseph von Eichendorff publishes “Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts” (Memoirs of a Good for Nothing).
Felicia Dorothea Hemans publishes “Casabianca”.

1827: Birth of Josef Strauss. Deaths of Ludwig van Beethoven, William Blake, Ugo Foscolo and Wilhelm Hauff.
Heinrich Heine publishes “Die Buch der Lieder” (The Book of Songs).
August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes “On the Theory and History of the Plastic Arts”.
Stendhal publishes “Armance”.
Photography is invented in France by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. 

1828: Deaths of Franz Schubert, Henry Fuseli and Francisco Goya.
Eugène Delacroix paints “Death of Sardanapalus”.
Jacob Grimm writes “Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer” (German Legal Antiquities).
Seweryn Goszczyński writes “Zamek Kaniowski” (Kaniv Castle).
Giacomo Leopardi writes “A Silvia” (To Silvia).
Johann Strauss the First publishes “Seufzer Gallop”.
August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes “Kritische Schriften” (Critical Works).
Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt publishes “Über den Dualis”.
Adam Mickiewicz writes “Konrad Wallenrod”.

1829: Deaths of Friedrich von Schlegel and Adam Heinrich Müller. 
Wilhelm Grimm Writes “Die Deutsche Heldensage” (The German Heroic Legend).
Robert Southey writes “Sir Thomas More; or Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society“.
Fanny Mendelssohn Bartholdy writes “Easter Sonata”.
Thomas Carlyle writes “Signs of the Times”.
Gioachino Rossini premieres the opera “Guilluame Tell”.
Washington Irving publishes “A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada”.
Robert Peel forms the world’s first police force in Britain.

1830: Births of Albert Bierstadt, Christina Rossetti and Emily Dickinson. Death of William Hazlitt.
“On the Constitution of the Church and State” is written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
“Liberty Leading the People” is painted by Eugène Delacroix.
Hector Berlioz writes “Symphonie Fantastique”.
Stendhal publishes “Le Rouge et le Noir” (The Red and the Black).
Oliver Wendell Holmes writes “Old Ironsides”.
Niccolò Paganini composes Violin Concerto No.4.
Frédéric Chopin publishes Piano Concerto No.1 and No.2.
Daniel Auber completes “Fra Diavolo”.
Maurycy Mochnacki publishes “O Literaturze Polskiej Wieku XIX” (On Polish Literature of the 19th Century).
John Nash’s redesign of Buckingham Palace, London is completed.
Caroline de la Motte Fouqué publishes “Beytrag zur Geschichte der Zeit” (Contribution to the History of Time).
Samuel Palmer paints “Coming from Evening Church”.
Belgium becomes separate from the Netherlands.

1831: Birth of Alvares de Azevedo. Deaths of Achim von Arnim and Caroline de la Motte Fouqué.
Victor-Marie Hugo publishes “Notre-Dame de Paris” (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame). 
George Sand publishes “Indiana”.
Thomas Love Peacock publishes “Crotchet Castle”.
Vincenzo Bellini’s “La Sonnambula” (The Sleepwalker) and “Norma” are premiered.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy composes Piano Concerto No. 1.
Giacomo Meyerbeer composes “Robert le Diable”.

1832: Births of Junqueira Freire, Dura Jakšić and Samuel Colman. Deaths of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Walter Scott and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe completes “Faust (Part Two)“.
John Nash completes the Regent Street area, London.
Gaetano Donizetti premieres “L’Elisir d’Amore” (The Elixir of Love).
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy publishes Symphony No. 5 “Reformation”.
Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky writes “Na Smert Gyote” (On the Death of Goethe).
The Great Reform Act is passed in Great Britain giving greater representation of parliamentary constituencies.

1833: Births of Johannes Brahms, Alexander Borodin and Jovan Jovanović “Zmaj”.
Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy completes his “Italian” Symphony.
Karl Bryullov completes his painting “The Last Day of Pompeii”.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy’s Symphony No. 4. “Italian” is published.
Alexander Pushkin publishes “Eugene Onegin”.
Beginning of the Carlist Wars in Spain.

1834: Deaths of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Maurycy Mochnacki.
Hector Berlioz writes “Harold in Italy”.
Thomas Caryle completes “Sartor Resartus”.
Adam Mickiewicz writes “Pan Tadeusz“.
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve publishes “Volupté”.
“Zemsta” (Vengeance) by Aleksander Fredro is first performed.
Ludwig Tieck writes “Der Tod des Dichters” (Dichter’s Death).
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka composes Symphony No.2 on Russian Themes.
Friedrich Rückert writes “Kindertotenlieder “(Songs on the Deaths of Children) but it is not published until after his death.

1835: Birth of César Cui. Deaths of John Nash, Vincenzo Bellini, Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt, Kazimierz Brodzinski and Felicia Hemans.
Jacob Grimm publishes “Deutsche Mythologie” (German Mythology).
Nikili Gogol publishes “Taras Bulba”.
J.M.W. Turner paints “The Burning of the Houses of Parliament”.
Gaetano Donizetti premieres “Lucia da Lammermoor”.
Vincenzo Bellini composes “I Puritani” (The Puritans).
Grigol Orbeliani publishes “Mukhammas”.
Clara Schumann composes Piano Concerto in A minor.
Zygmunt Krasinski publishes “Nie-Boska Komedia” (The Undivine Comedy). 
Hans Christian Andersen publishes “Eventyr, Fortalte for Børn” (Fairy Tales, Told for Children).
Theophile Gautier writes “Mademoiselle de Maupin”.

1836: Births of Gustavo Adolfo Becquer and Leo Delibes. Death of Karel Hyneck Macha.
Hector Berlioz writes the “Grande Messe des Morts”.
Giacomo Meyerbeer premieres “Les Hugeuenots”.
First performance of William Sterndale Bennett’s Symphony No. 5.
Karel Hyneck Macha publishes “Máj” (May).
Ion Heliade Radulescu publishes “Zburatoruk”.
Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay publishes “La Confession d’un Enfant du Siècle” (The Confession of a Child of the Century).
Girolamo de Rada publishes “Këngët e Milosaos” (The Songs of Milosao).
Adolphe Adam composes “Le Postillon de Lonjumeau” (The Postillion of Lonjumeau).
Friedrich Ruckert begins publishing “Die Weisheit des Brahmanen” (The Wisdom of the Brahmins).
Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt publishes “On Language: On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of Mankind”.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel completes Bauakademie (Building Academy) in Berlin.
Battle of the Alamo sees Texan separatists defeated in the USA. 

1837: Births of Mily Balakirev and Rosalía Rita de Castro. Deaths of John Constable, John Field, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Giacomo Leopardi and Alexander Pushkin.
Thomas Carlyle writes “The French Revolution”.
José de Espronceda y Delgado writes “El Estudiente de Salamanca”.
Mary Shelley writes “Falkner, A Novel”.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy composes Piano Concerto No. 2.
Hans Christian Andersen writes “The Emperor’s New Clothes” and “The Little Mermaid”.

1838: Births of Georges Bizet and Max Bruch.
Eugène Delacroix paints “Medea about to Kill Her Children”.
Gustave Flaubert  publishes “Memoirs of a Madman”.

1839: Births of Modest Mussorgsky, Casimiro José Marques de Abreu and Joaquim Machado de Assis. Deaths of Joseph Anton Koch and Dorothea Veit-Schlegel.
“The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up” painted by J.M.W. Turner.
Edgar Allan Poe publishes “The Fall of the House of Usher”.
Frédéric Chopin completes “24 Preludes”.
Hector Berlioz completes “Romeo et Juliette”.
Stendhal publishes “La Chartreuse de Parme” (The Charterhouse of Parma).
Henry Thoreau writes “A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers”.
Juliusz Slowacki writes “Testament Mój” (My Testament).
Nikoloz Baratashvilli writes “Fate of Georgia”.
Marceline Desbordes-Valmore publishes “Pauvres Fleurs” (Poor Flowers).
First Opium War in China. 

1840: Birth of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Deaths of Caspar David Friedrich and Niccolò Paganini.
The foundation stone of the Houses of Parliament, designed by Charles Barry, is laid.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning writes “De Profundis”.
Hector Berlioz completes “Grande Symphonie Funebre et Triomphale”.
Mikhail Lermontov completes “A Hero of Our Time”.
Thomas de Quincey publishes “Lake Reminiscences”.
Joanna Baillie publishes “Fugitive Verses”.
Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar” (The Bard).
Ludwig Tieck writes “Vittoria Accorombona”.
Prosper Merimee writes “Colomba”.

1841: Births of Emmanuel Chabrier, Fagundes Varela, Antonín Dvořák and Lazar Kostić. Deaths of Mikhail Lermontov and Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
Hector Berlioz writes “Grande Symphonie Funebre et Triumphale”.
Ralph Waldo Emerson completes his first series of Essays which includes “Self Reliance”. 
Edgar Allan Poe publishes “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” and “A Descent into the Maelstrom”.
Robert Schumann writes his Fourth Symphony.
John Martin paints “The Fallen Angels Entering Pandemonium”.
Adolphe Adam composes “Giselle”.
Ivan Aivazovsky paints “Chaos”.
Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom begins publishing “Svenska siare och Skalder” (Swedish Prophets and Poets). 

1842: Birth of Jules Massenet. Deaths of Clemens Brentano, Stendhal and José de Espronceda y Delgado. 
J.M.W Turner paints “Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth”.
Edgar Allan Poe publishes “The Pit and the Pendulum”.
Frédéric Chopin completes Polonaise in A flat major “The Heroic Polonaise”.
First performance of Charles Gounod’s “Requiem”.
Nikili Gogol publishes “Myortvye Dushi” (Dead Souls).
Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes “The Cry of the Children”.
Edgar Allan Poe publishes “The Pit and the Pendulum”.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy publishes Symphony No. 3 “Scottish”.
Mikhail Glinka premieres “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Nanking. 

1843: Birth of Edvard Grieg. Deaths of Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin, Robert Southey and Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.
“The Borderers” is written by William Wordsworth.
First performance of “The Flying Dutchman” by Richard Wagner.
Søren Kierkegaard publishes “Fear and Trembling” and “Either/Or”.
Bettina von Arnim publishes  “Dies Buch Gehört dem König” (This Book Belongs to the King).
Friedrich Burgmüller produces the ballet “La Péri”.
João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett publishes “Frei Luís de Sousa” (Friar Luís de Sousa).
Antônio Gonçalves Dias writes “Cancao do Exilo” (Song of Exile).

1844: Births of Friedrich Nietzsche and Pablo de Sarasate. Death of Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky.
Søren Kierkegaard writes “The Concept of Anxiety”.
J.M.W Turner paints “Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway”.
Alexandre Dumas publishes “The Three Musketeers”.
Thomas de Quincey publishes “The Logic of Political Economy”.
Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy premieres his Violin Concerto No.2.
Heinrich Heine writes “Die Schlesischen Weber” (The Silesian Weavers”).
Ferenc Erkel composes the Hungarian National Anthem “Hymnusz”.
Janko Kráľ writes “Pieseň Bez Mena” (Song Without a Name). 
Friedrich Rückert publishes “Liebesfrühling” (Spring of Love).

1845: Births of Gabriel Fauré and Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló. Deaths of August Wilhelm von Schlegel and Nikoloz Baratashvilli.
First performance of “Tannhauser” by Richard Wagner.
Robert Schumann completes his Piano Concerto.
Thomas de Quincey publishes “Suspiria de Profundis”.
Edgar Allan Poe publishes “The Raven”.
Prosper Merimee writes “Carmen”.
First great famine in Ireland. 

1846: Birth of Naim Frasheri. Death of Alexander Chavchavadze.
Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes “Poems”.
Herman Melville publishes “Typee”.
Hector Berlioz completes “La Damnation de Faust“.
The Bronte sisters publish “Poems”.
George Sand publishes “La Mare au Diable”.
Carl Czerny publishes “On the Proper Performance of all Beethoven’s Works for Piano”.
Wincenty Pol publishes “Obrazy z życia i podróży” (Pictures of Life and Travel).
France Prešeren writes “Zdravljica” (The Toast).
Petar Preradovic publishes his 35 “Pervenci” (Premières).
Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo begins publishing “História de Portugal”.
Alexandre Dumas completes publication of “The Count of Monte Cristo” in serial form.
Beginning of the Mexican-American War.

1847: Birth of Castro Alves. Deaths of Fanny Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn and Georg Friedrich Kersting.
“Wuthering Heights” is written by Emily Brontë.
“Jane Eyre” is written by Charlotte Bronte.
“Agnes Grey” is written by Anne Bronte.
Frédéric Chopin completes “Minute Waltz in D flat major”.
Friedrich von Flotow composes the opera “Martha”.
Henry Thoreau writes “Walden; or, Life in the Woods”.

1848: Birth of Hristo Botev. Deaths of Emily Bronte, François-René de Chateaubriand, Domenico Donizetti and Johann Joseph Görres.
“The Tenant of Wildfell Hall” is written by Anne Bronte.
First performance of the “Radetzky March” by Johann Strauss the Father.
Completion of St George’s Cathedral, Southwark, London by Augustus Pugin.
Samuel Palmer paints “Tintagel Castle”.
Sándor Petőfi writes “Talpra Magyar”.
Karl Marx publishes “The Communist Manifesto”. 

1849: Deaths of Anne Bronte, Edgar Alan Poe, Juliusz Slowacki, Frédéric Chopin, Johann Strauss the First, France Prešeren, Sándor Petőfi and Maria Edgeworth.
“Shirley” is written by Charlotte Bronte.
Soren Kierkegaard publishes “Sickness unto Death”.
Friedrich von Schlegel publishes “A Course of Lectures on Modern History”.
Henry David Thoreau publishes “Civil Disobedience” and “Resistance to Civil Government”.
Ralph Waldo Emerson writes “Nature, Addresses and Lectures”.
Anton Bruckner composes his Requiem.
Jose Zorrilla y Moral publishes “Traidor, Inconfeso y Martir” (Treacherous, Unconfessed, and Martyr).
Branko Radičević writes “Bezimena” (Unnamed).
Francisco de Sales Torres Homem writes “Libelo do Povo” (People’s Libel).
Giuseppe Verdi composes “Luisa Miller”.
Charlotte Bronte publishes “Shirley”.

1850: Birth of Mihai Eminescu. Deaths of William Wordsworth and Adam Oehlenschlager.
First performance of “Lohengrin” by Richard Wagner.
Robert Schumann composes the “Rhenish” Symphony and the Cello Concerto..
The novel “The Scarlet Letter” is written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Adolphe Adam composes “Giralda, ou La Nouvelle Psyche” (Giralda or the New Soul).
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev writes “The Last Love”.
Henry Thoreau writes “A Yankee in Canada”.
Fanny Mendelssohn-Bartholdy composes Piano Trio in D minor.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Humboldt publishes “The Limits of State Action”.
Washington Irving publishes “Mahomet and His Successors”.
Alexandre Dumas publishes “The Black Tulip”.
Ralph Waldo Emerson writes “Representative Men”.

1851: Deaths of Petar II Petrovic-Njegos, J.M.W.Turner, Mary Shelley and Joanna Baillie.
Guiseppi Verdi produces “Rigoletto”.
“Parerga and Paralipomena” is published by Arthur Schopenhauer.
Herman Melville publishes “Moby-Dick; or, The Whale” .
Petar II Petrovic-Njegos writes “Lažni car Šćepan Mali” (The False Tsar Stephen the Small).
Charles Gounod composes the opera “Sapho”.
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes “The House of the Seven Gables, A Romance”.
Louis Napoleon takes power in France in a coup. The Great Exhibition is held in London.

1852: Deaths of Alvares de Azevedo, Karl Bryullov, Augustus Pugin and Nikili Gogol.
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes “The Blithedale Romance”.
Jacob Grimm completes his German Dictionary.
Adolphe Adam composes “La Poupée de Nuremberg” (the Doll of Nuremburg).
John Martin paints “The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah”.

1853: Deaths of Ludwig Tieck, Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky and Branko Radičević.
Guiseppi Verdi produces “La Traviata” and “Il Trovatore”.
Robert Schumann writes his Violin Concerto.
Clara Schumann composes “Three Romanze für Clavier und Violine“.
Franz Liszt completes the final version of “Totentanz”.
John Martin paints “The Great Day of his Wrath” and “The Last Judgement”.
First publication of by “Lira dos Vinte Anos” by Manuel Antônio Álvares de Azevedo.
Camille Saint-Saëns composes Symphony No.1.
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes “Tanglewood Tales”.
Charlotte Bronte publishes “Villette”.
Beginning of the Crimean War in Russia.

1854: Birth of Engelbert Humperdinck. Deaths of John Martin, Friedrich Schelling and Almeida Garrett.
Franz Liszt composes “A Faust Symphony”.
Henry David Thoreau publishes “Walden; or, Life in the Woods”.
Gerard de Nerval publishes “Les Filles du Feu” (The Daughters of Fire”).

1855: Birth of Ernest Chausson. Deaths of Charlotte Bronte, Junqueira Freire, Soren Kierkegaard, Samuel Rogers, Adam Mickiewicz, Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov and Gerard de Nerval.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes “The Song of Hiawatha”.
Herman Melville publishes “Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile”.
“Inspirações do Claustro” (Cloister Inspirations) by Junqueira Freire is published.
Joaquim Manuel de Macedo publishes “A Carteira do Meu Tio” (My Uncle’s Wallet).
Charles Gounod composes “Messe Solennelle à Sainte-Cécile” (St. Cecilia Mass).

1856: Deaths of Heinrich Heine, Adolphe Adam and Robert Schumann.
Goncalves de Magalhaes writes “A Confederação dos Tamojos”.
Mily Balakirev competes his Piano Concerto.
The worlds first oil refinery is begun in Romania.

1857: Birth of Ruggero Leoncavallo. Deaths of Joseph von Eichendorff, Carl Czerny, Mikhail Glinka, Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay and J.C. Dahl.
Franz Liszt premieres the “Faust Symphony” and “Dante Symphony”.
Charles Baudelaire publishes “Les Fleurs du Mal”.
Gustave Flaubert publishes “Madame Bovary”.
Henry Thoreau writes “The Maine Woods”.
Posthumous publication of Charlotte Bronte’s “The Professor”.
Britain assumes control of India from the East India Company.

1858: Birth of Giacomo Puccini. 
Hector Berlioz writes “Les Troyens”.
Jacques Offenbach premieres “Orphée aux Enfers” (Orpheus in the Underworld).
Camille Saint-Saëns composes Piano Concerto No.1.
Johannes Brahms completes Piano Concerto No. 1. 
Oliver Wendell Holmes writes “Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table”.
Gustavo Becquer writes “El Caudillo de las Manos Rojas” (The Leader of the Red Hands).

1859: Deaths of Wilhelm Grimm (Brothers Grimm), Washington Irving, Zygmunt Krasinki, Bettina von Arnim, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore and James Ward.
First performance of Charles Gounod’s “Faust”.  
“Success is counted sweetest” is published by Emily Dickinson.
Frederic Edwin Church exhibits the painting “The Heart of the Andes”.
Casimiro José Marques de Abreu publishes “As Primaveras” (Springtime).
Giuseppe Verdi premieres “Un Ballo In Maschera” (A Masked Ball).
Start of construction of the Suez Canal.

1860: Births of Gustav Mahler, Hugo Wolf and Isaac Levitan. Deaths of Arthur Schopenhauer, Casimiro José Marques de Abreu, Charles Barry and Ernst Moritz Arndt.
Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes “The Conduct of Life”.
Henry David Thoreau publishes “Echoes of Harper’s Ferry”.
Augustus Pugin completes the interiors of the Palace of Westminster, Houses of Parliament, London.
Nathaniel Hawthorne writes “The Marble Faun”.
Oliver Wendell Holmes writes “The Professor at the Breakfast-Table”.

1861: Deaths of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Taras Shevchenko.
Mily Balakirev composes Symphony No. 1.
Beginning of the American Civil War. Russia abolishes serfdom.

1862: Death of Henry David Thoreau. 
Victor-Marie Hugo publishes “Les Misérables”. 
Christina Rossetti publishes “Goblin Market and other Poems”.
Cyprian Norwid publishes “Poezje” (Poems).
Gustave Flaubert publishes “Salammbô”.
Giuseppe Verdi premieres “La Forza del Destiny” (The Force of Destiny).

1863: Birth of Pietro Mascagni. Deaths of Eugène Delacroix, Jacob Grimm (Brothers Grimm) and Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes “Paul Revere’s Ride”.
First performance of Georges Bizet’s “The Pearl Fishers”. 
Albert Bierstadt paints “The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak”.
Rosalía Rita de Castro publishes “Cantares Gallegos” (Galician Songs).
Johann Strauss the Younger composes “Morgenblattter” (Morning Newspapers).
Lazar Kostić writes “Maksim Crnojević”.

1864: Deaths of Giacomo Meyerbeer, Nathaniel Hawthorne, John Clare and Antônio Gonçalves Dias.
Anton Bruckner first performs “Mass in D minor“.
Mily Alexeyevich Balakirev completes “Russia”.
Jacques Offenbach premieres “La Belle Hélène”.
Georgije “Đura” Jakšić paints “Seoba Srbalja” (The Migration of the Serbs).
Jovan Jovanović “Zmaj” publishes “Šaran”.
Giacomo Meyerbeer composes “L’Africaine”.
Creation of the Geneva Convention.

1865: Births of Carl Nielsen, Alexander Glazunov and Jean Sibelius. 
First performance of “Tristan and Isolde” by Richard Wagner.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov completes Symphony No. 1.
Fagundes Varela writes “Cantos e Fantasias”.
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.1. “The Bells of Zlonice”, Symphony No.2 and his Cello Concerto.
President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated in the USA.

1866: Deaths of Thomas Love Peacock and Friedrich Rückert.
Max Bruch‘s Violin Concerto No 1 is first performed. 
Bedřich Smetana premieres “Prodaná Nevěsta” (The Bartered Bride).
Samuel Colman paints “Storm King on the Hudson”.
Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre publishes the complete version of “Colombo”.
Johann Strauss the Younger composes “An der Schonen Blauen Donau” (On the Beautiful Blue Danube) and “Wiener Bonbons” (Viennese Sweets).
Josiah Gilbert Holland writes “The Life of Abraham Lincoln”.
Georges Bizet composes “La Jolie Fille de Perth” (The Fair Maid of Perth).
Christina Rossetti publishes “The Prince’s Progress”.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No.1.
Beginning of the Austro-Hungarian joint monarchy.

1867: Birth of Amy Beach. Death of Charles Baudelaire.
First performance of “An der Schönen Blauen Donau” (On the Beautiful Blue Danube) by Johann Strauss the Son. 
Modest Mussorgsky composes “Night on a Bald Mountain” .
Albert Bierstadt paints “The Domes of the Yosemite”.
Charles Gounod composes the opera “Roméo et Juliette”.
Modest Mussorgsky composes “Night on Bald Mountain”.
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.

1868: Birth of Hamish MacCunn. Death of Gioachino Rossini.
Johannes Brahms completes “Ein Deutsches Requiem” (A German Requiem).
Edvard Grieg composes Piano Concerto in A Minor.
Prosper Merimee writes “Lokis”.
Last man hanged in public in Britain .

1869: Deaths of Hector Berlioz and Alphonse de Lamartine.
Edvard Grieg completes his Piano Concerto.
Josef Strauss co-writes the “Pizzicato-Polka” with his bother Johann.
The foundation stone for Neuschwanstein Castle, designed by Eduard Riedel, is laid.
Johann Strauss the Younger composes “Wein, Weib und Gesang” (Wine, Women and Song).
Gustave Flaubert  publishes “Sentimental Education”.
Modest Mussorgsky completes the opera “Boris Godunov”.
Russian Dmitri Mendeleev creates the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. 

1870: Deaths of Gustavo Adolfo Becquer, Alexandre Dumas, Josef Strauss and Prosper Merimee.
Tchaikovsky completes “Romeo and Juliet”.
Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes “Society and Solitude”.
Albert Bierstadt paints “The Emerald Pool”.
The ballet “Coppélia” by Léo Delibes receives its premiere.
Castro Alves publishes “Espumas Flutuantes” (Floating Foam).
Christina Rossetti publishes “Commonplace and Other Stories”.
Beginning of the Franco-Prussian War.

1871: Birth of Anton Arensky. Deaths of Daniel Auber and Castro Alves. 
Premiere of Guiseppi Verdi’s opera “Aida”.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “The Birth of Tragedy”.
Unifications of Germany and Italy as states in their own right. Paris Commune briefly rules Paris in France.

1872: Births of Ralph Vaughan Williams and Alexander Scriabin. Deaths of Wincenty Pol, Petar Preradovic, Theophile Gautier, N.F.S. Grundtvig and Ion Heliade Radulescu.
Oliver Wendell Holmes writes “The Poet of the Breakfast-Table”.
Christina Rossetti publishes “Sing-Song. A Nursery Rhyme Book”.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 2.
Josiah Gilbert Holland writes “Plain Talks On Familiar Subjects: A Series of Popular Lectures”.

1873: Birth of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Deaths of Allessandro Manzoni and Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
Johannes Brahms completes “St Antoni Chorale-Variations on a Theme by Haydn”. 
Georges Bizet composes the opera “Carmen”.
Ivan Aivazovsky paints “The Rainbow”.
Hristo Botev writes “Zadade se Oblak Temen” (A Dark Cloud Is Coming).
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov completes Symphony No. 3.
Josiah Gilbert Holland publishes “Arthur Bonnicastle: An American Novel”.
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.3.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No.3.
James Clerk Maxwell publishes “A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism”.

1874: Death of Friedrich Burgmüller.
Modest Mussorgsky premieres the opera “Boris Godunov” and “Pictures at an Exhibition”.
Gustave Flaubert  publishes “The Temptation of Saint Anthony” (1874)
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Thoughts Out of Season”.
Johann Strauss the Son composes “Die Fledermaus” (The Bat).
Modest Mussorgsky composes “Pictures at an Exhibition” for piano.
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.4.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No.4.
Home rule movement is begun in Ireland.

1875: Deaths of Fagundes Varela, William Sterndale Bennett, Georges Bizet and Hans Christian Andersen.
Tchaikovsky first performs his Piano Concerto No 1.
Paul Abadie begins the construction of Sacre Coeur Basilica in Montmartre, Paris.
Jean-Louis Charles Garnier completes the Paris Opera House.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Human, All Too Human”.
Edvard Grieg completes the “Peer Gynt Suite”.
Bernardo Joaquim da Silva Guimarães publishes “A Escrava Isaura” (The Slave Girl Isaura).
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.5.

1876: Deaths of Aleksander Fredro, George Sand, Hristo Botev, Francisco de Sales Torres Homem, Seweryn Goszczyński  and Janko Kráľ.
The “Ring Cycle” by Richard Wagner is completed.
Johannes Brahms completes Symphony No 1.
Antonín Dvořák composes his Piano Concerto.
“Swan Lake” and “Marche Slave” by Tchaikovsky are first performed.
Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski publishes “Stara Baśń” (An Ancient Tale).
Alexander Borodin composes Symphony No.2.
Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló publishes “L’Atlàntida” (Atlantis).
Bulgarians begin an uprising against the Ottoman Empire. 

1877: Death of Alexandre Herculano.
Camille Saint-Saëns writes “Samson and Delilah”.
Johannes Brahms completes Symphony No 2.
Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.

1878: Death of Dura Jakšić.
Johannes Brahms completes his Violin Concerto.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky composes the opera “Eugene Onegin” and the Violin Concerto.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 5.
Pablo de Sarasate composes “Zigeunerweisen” (Gypsy Airs).

1879: Death of Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre.
Bedřich Smetana completes “Má Vlast”.

1880: Death of Jacques Offenbach and Gustave Flaubert.
Franz Liszt composes “Mephisto Waltz No. 2.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky composes “1812 Overture”.
Johann Strauss the Younger composes “Rosen aus dem Suden” (Roses from the South).
Modest Mussorgsky completes the opera “Khovanshchina“.
Antonín Dvořák composes his Violin Concerto and Symphony No. 6.
The first Boar War in South Africa.

1881: Deaths of Thomas Carlyle, Modest Mussorgsky, Samuel Palmer and Josiah Gilbert Holland.
Johannes Brahms completes his Second Piano Concerto and “Nanie”.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 6.
Ivan Aivazovsky paints “The Black Sea”.
Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis publishes “Memorias Postumas de Bras Cubas” (The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas).
“Simon Boccanegra” by Giuseppe Verdi is first performed.
Christina Rossetti publishes “A Pageant and Other Poems”.
Tsar Alexander the Second of Russia is assassinated.

1882: Deaths of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and Goncalves de Magalhaes.
First performance of “Parsifal” by Richard Wagner.
Christina Rossetti writes “The Face of the Deep”.
Britain invades Egypt.

1883: Deaths of Richard Wagner, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Friedrich von Flotow and Grigol Orbeliani.
Léo Delibes composes “Lakmé”.
Johannes Brahms completes Symphony No 3.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” and “Beyond Good and Evil”.
Emmanuel Chabrier premieres “España”.
Anton Arensky completes his Symphony No 1.
Mihai Eminescu writes “Luceafarul” (The Vesper).

1884: Deaths of Paul Abadie, Bernardo Guimarães and Bedřich Smetana.
“Te Deum” by Anton Bruckner is first performed.
First performance of “Manon” by Jules Massenet.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “The Genealogy of Morals”.
Beginning of the Scramble for Africa by European nations.

1885: Deaths of Victor Hugo, Eduard Riedel and Rosalía Rita de Castro. 
Friedrich Nietzsche completes “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”.
Johannes Brahms completes Symphony No 4.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky composes “Manfred Symphony”.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 7. 
Edvard Grieg composes “Holberg Suite”.
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.7.
Louis Pasteur creates the first vaccine against rabies.

1886: Deaths of Franz Liszt and Emily Dickinson.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Beyond Good and Evil”.
Camille Saint-Saëns premieres his Third (“Organ”) Symphony.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Twilight of the Idols”.
Camille Saint-Saëns composes “The Carnival of the Animals”.

1887: Deaths of Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski and Alexander Borodin.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “On the Genealogy of Morals”.
Gabriel Fauré completes “Pavane”.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov writes “Capriccio Espagnol” (Spanish Capriccio).
Hamish MacCunn writes “The Land of the Mountain and the Flood”.
“Polovtsian Dances” by Alexander Borodin are first heard as part of his opera “Prince Igor”.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composes “Capriccio Espagnol”.
Johannes Brahms completes his Double Concerto“Ein Deutsches Requiem” . 
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 8.
Hugo Wolf composes “Italian Serenade”.

1888: Gustav Mahler completes his first Symphony “The Titan”.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composes “Sheherazade”.
Johann Strauss the Son composes the “Kaiserwaltzer” (Emperor Waltz). 
César Franck composes his  Symphony in D Minor.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Ecce Homo”.
Johann Strauss the Younger composes “Kaiser Walzer” (Emperor Waltz).
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composes “Scheherazade”.
Slavery is banned in Brazil. 

1889: Deaths of Mihai Eminescu and Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve.
Friedrich Nietzsche publishes “Twilight of the Idols“.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky composes the ballet “Sleeping Beauty”. 
Ivan Aivazovsky paints “The Wave”.
Hans Gude paints “Oban Bay, Scotland”.
Antonín Dvořák composes Symphony No.8.
“Lamiel” by Stendhal published posthumously.
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and Baroness Mary Vetsera die in a suicide pact in Austria.  

1890: Death of Cesar Franck.
Gabriel Fauré completes his Requiem.
First performance of the opera “Cavalleria Rusticana” by Pietro Mascagni.
“Prince Igor”  by Alexander Borodin is first performed.
Naim Frasheri publishes “Luletë e Verësë” (The Flowers of Summer).
Ernest Chausson completes his Symphony in B flat major.
Amy Beach composes her Mass in E Flat major.
Antonín Dvořák composes his Requiem.
Last battle of the Indian Wars in North America at Wounded Knee.

1891: Death of Herman Melville and Leo Delibes.
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes Piano Concerto No. 1.
Chilean Civil War.

1892: Tchaikovsky’s “The Nutcracker” is first performed.
Premiere of “Pagliacci” by Ruggero Leoncavallo.

1893: Deaths of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Charles Gounod, Jose Zorrilla y Moral and Ferenc Erkel.
Antonín Dvořák premieres his Ninth Symphony “From the New World”.
Jean Sibelius writes “The Karelia Suite” and “Karelia Overture”.
Engelbert Humperdinck writes his opera “Hansel und Gretel”.

1894: Deaths of Christina Rossetti, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Emmanuel Chabrier.
Beginning of the Dreyfuss Affair in France.

1895: Giacomo Puccini completes his opera “La Bohème”. 
Antonín Dvořák premieres his Cello Concerto.
First performance of Gustav Mahler’s Symphony No. 2 “The Resurrection”.
“Der Corregidor” is premiered by Hugo Wolf.
Jean Sibelius completes “The Swan of Tuonela“.
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes Symphony No. 1.
Alexander Glazunov composes Symphony No. 5.
Beginning of the Cuban War of Independence.

1896: Deaths of Anton Bruckner and Clara Schumann.
Jean Sibelius publishes “The Swan of Tuonela”.
Gustav Mahler premieres Symphony No 3.
The “Gaelic” Symphony by Amy Beach is premiered.
Hugo Wolf composes the opera “Der Cooregidor”.
First performance of “La Boheme” (The Bohemians) by Giacomo Puccini.
Alexander Scriabin composes his Piano Concerto.
Camille Saint-Saëns composes Piano Concerto No. 5 “The Egyptian”.
Alexander Glazunov composes Symphony No. 6.
Anton Bruckner composes Symphony No. 9.
Christina Rossetti publishes “New Poems”.
First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece.

1897: Death of Johannes Brahms. 
Isaac Levitan paints “In the Alps in the Spring”.
Amy Beach composes “Gaelic Symphony”.
Engelbert Humperdinck composes “Königskinder” (King’s Children).
Greco-Turkish War.

1898: Death of Charles Garnier. 
Empress Elisabeth of Austria is assassinated by an anarchist.

1899: Deaths of Ernest Chausson and Johann Strauss the Second.
Amy Beach composes her Piano Concerto.
Beginning of the Boxer Rebellion in China. Second Boer War in South Africa.

Twentieth Century

1900:  Deaths of Friedrich Nietzsche, Ivan Aivazovsky, Frederick Edwin Church, Naim Frasheri and Isaac Levitan.
Anton Arensky completes “Egyptian Nights”.
Jean Sibelius arranges “Finlandia“.
Amy Beach premieres her Piano Concerto.
Alexander Scriabin composes Symphony No.1.
First performance of “Tosca” by Giacomo Puccini.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov composes “Flight of the Bumblebee” for his Opera “The Tale of Tsar Sultan”.

1901: Death of Giuseppe Verdi.
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes his Piano Concerto No. 2.
Carl Nielson writes the opera “Saul og David”.
Friedrich Nietzsche’s “The Will to Power” published posthumously by his sister.
Gustav Mahler completes “Des Knaben Wunderhorn”. 
Death of Queen Victoria in Great Britain. Guglielmo Marconi sends the first wireless transmission across the Atlantic Ocean. 

1902: Deaths of Albert Bierstadt and Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló. 
Carl Nielsen premieres “Saul and David” and Symphony No.2 “The Four Temperaments“.
Gustav Mahler premieres Symphony No 5.
Alexander Scriabin composes Symphony No.2.

1903: Deaths of Hans Gude, Hugo Wolf and Girolamo de Rada.
Alexander Glazunov composes Symphony No. 7 “Pastorale”.
First powered flight achieved by the Wright Brothers in the USA.

1904: Deaths of Antonín Dvořák and Jovan Jovanović “Zmaj”.
Alexander Glazunov composes his Violin Concerto.
Jean Sibelius composes the Violin Concerto.
Gustav Mahler completes “Kindertotenlieder“ (Songs on the Death of Children) and Symphony No. 4. 
First performance of “Madama Butterfly” by Giacomo Puccini.
Alexander Glazunov composes his Violin Concerto.
Beginning of the Russo-Japanese War.

1905: Jean Sibelius writes “Pelleas and Melisande”.
Hamish MacCunn writes “The Wreck of the Hesperus”.
Gustav Mahler completes Symphony No. 7.
Albert Einstein publishes the “Special Theory of Relativity”.

1906: Death of Anton Arensky.
Gustav Mahler completes his Symphony No 8.
Alexander Glazunov composes Symphony No. 8.

1907: Death of Edvard Grieg. 
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes Symphony No. 2.
Gustav Mahler completes Symphony No. 8. “Symphony of a Thousand” 

1908: Deaths of Pablo de Sarasate and Joaquim Machado de Assis.
“Das Lied von der Erde” is completed by Gustav Mahler.
Alexander Scriabin first performs the symphonic poem “Poem of Ecstasy”.
Mily Balakirev composes Symphony No. 2.

1909: Gustav Mahler premieres “Das Lied von der Erde”.
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes Piano Concerto No. 3.
Ralph Vaughan Williams composes “A Sea Symphony”.

1910: Deaths of Mily Alexeyevich Balakirev and Lazar Kostić.
Ralph Vaughan Williams writes “Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis”.
First performance of “La Fanciulla del West” (The Girl of the Golden West) by Giacomo Puccini.
Alexander Scriabin composes “Promethee, Le Poeme du Feu” (Prometheus the Poem of Fire).
Gustav Mahler composes Symphony No. 9.
Mexican Revolution.

1911: Death of Gustav Mahler. 
Carl Nielsen premieres his Violin Concerto.
Ralph Vaughan Williams composes “A London Symphony”.

1912: Death of Jules Massenet.
Sinking of the “Unsinkable” Titanic Ocean liner

1913: Gabriel Fauré writes his opera “Pénélope”.
César Cui composes “Puss in Boots”.

1914: Ralph Vaughan Williams writes “The Lark Ascending”.
Beginning of the First World War.

1915: Death of Alexander Scriabin.

1916: Death of Hamish MacCunn.

1917: Russian Revolution and abdication of Tsar Nicholas the Second.

1918: Death of César Cui.
End of First World War and Spanish Influenza epidemic.

1919: Death of Ruggero Leoncavallo.

1920: Deaths of Max Bruch and Samuel Colman.

1921: Death of Engelbert Humperdinck.
Ralph Vaughan Williams composes “Pastoral Symphony”.

1922: Formation of the Soviet Union.

1923: Jean Sibelius composes Symphony No.6.

1924: Deaths of Giacomo Puccini and Gabriel Fauré.
Jean Sibelius composes Symphony No.7.
Posthumous publication of Herman Melville’s “Billy Budd”.

1925: Carl Nielsen premieres Symphony No.6 “The Simple”.

1926: Posthumous premiere of “Turandot” by Giacomo Puccini.
General Strike held in Great Britain.

1928: Carl Nielsen premieres his Clarinet Concerto.

1929: Wall street Crash.

1931: Death of Carl Nielsen. 
Ralph Vaughan Williams completes his Piano Concerto.

1933: Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.

1934: Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 4 and “Fantasia on “Greensleeves”.
Sergei Rachmaninoff  composes “Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini”.

1936: Death Alexander Glazunov.
Sergei Rachmaninoff composes Symphony No. 3.
Beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

1939: Beginning of the Second World War.

1943: Death of Sergei Rachmaninoff.
Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 5.

1944: Death of Amy Beach.

1945: Death of Pietro Mascagni.
End of the Second World War and dropping of the Atom Bombs on Japan.

1947: Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 6.

1952: Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 7. “Sinfonia Antartica”.

1955: Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 8.

1956: Suez Crisis.

1957: Death of Jean Sibelius.
Ralph Vaughan Williams completes Symphony No. 9. 

1958: Death of Ralph Vaughan Williams.